In MLA style, two citation types are needed to cite a source: the in-text citation, which shows the author names, and the works–cited-list entry, which gives complete information of a source. The works-cited-list entry appears at the end of the work. Works cited are entries in the list that give full details of the sources to help the reader spot them for easy access.
An in-text citation directs the reader to see the complete information available in the works-cited-list entry. Therefore, all entries in the works-cited list should be cited at least once in the text. The works-cited-list entry helps the reader locate the source of the work.
To cite a source in the text in MLA style, the major component required for an in-text citation is the author’s name. Unlike other citation styles, the year is not essential in MLA style. When you want to quote the text used in a source, you must add the page number or line number of the quoted text in the original source. In-text citations, in turn, are represented in either of the following two ways:
Citations in prose
Parenthetical citations
Citations in prose appear as a part of the sentence. In its first mention, the citation takes the full name of the author (i.e., first name and surname). In subsequent citations, give only the surname. Middle initial, if any, given in the works-cited-list entry should not be included for in-text citations. The first citation in prose looks as below:
Daniel Cooper explains the spiritual geography of the landscape.
You should include only the surname of the author in parenthetical citations. Parenthetical citations appear at the end of the sentence. A parenthetical citation looks like the one shown below:
The spiritual geography of the landscape is explained (Cooper).
Page numbers are included for in-text citations when a specific line is taken directly from the source. When you include the page number, do not use “p.” or “pp.” before the page number(s).
Gingrich-Philbrook says, “Reprogramming the stage is a heuristic for posthuman performance” (324).
The below examples show how a chapter, line, and scene are cited in both citation in prose and parenthetical citations:
In prose:
chapter 7
scene 3
line 44
Parenthetical:
(ch. 7)
(sc. 3)
(line 44)
The below examples show how in-text citations should be given for different numbers of authors:
One author
The first mention of the citation in prose takes the full name of the author. In subsequent occurrences, the surname alone can be used. However, parenthetical citations always use the surname of the author.
Citation in prose:
First mention: Sabrina Abrams asserts …. (7).
Subsequent occurrences: Abrams argues …. (7).
Parenthetical:
….(Abrams 7)
Two authors
The first mention of the citation in prose takes the full name of both the authors. In subsequent occurrences, only the surname of the authors should be used. However, parenthetical citations always use the surname of the authors. In parenthetical citations, the word “and” is used to separate the surnames.
Citation in prose:
First mention: Kristin Langellier and Claire Sullivan ….
Subsequent occurrences: Langellier and Sullivan ….
Parenthetical:
….(Langellier and Sullivan)
Three or more authors
Citations in prose mention the first author’s full name and the phrase “and colleagues” or “and others.”
Parenthetical citations mention only the first author’s full name followed by “et al.” in parentheses.
Citation in prose:
Lacy Lowrey and colleagues…. or Lacy Lowrey and others ….
Parenthetical:
….(Lowrey et al.)
Corporate author
The corporate author is treated the same way as the author names. Wherever possible, shorten the organization name.
Citation in prose:
The Literary Society of India….
Parenthetical:
….(Literary Society of India)
No author
For sources that do not have author names, use the title in in-text citations.
Italicize the title. If the title is long, you can use a short form of the title.
Citation in prose:
Animal Parade explains …. (160)
Parenthetical:
….(Animal 160)
Works-cited-list entries have four major units:
The examples of different types of works-cited list entries are listed below for a single author.
Book
The title of the book is given italics formatting and added in title case.
Template:
Surname, First name. Middle name initial. Title of the Book. Publisher, Publication Date. Page range.
Example:
Chaudhuri, Una. The Stage Lives of Animals: Zooësis and Performance. Routledge, 2017.
Journal article
The article title is given in title case and inside the quotation marks. The journal title is italicized. Include the abbreviation “vol.” before the volume and “no.” before the issue. MLA style uses “pp.’’ before the page range.
Template:
Surname, First name. “Title of the Article.” Journal Title, Volume #, Issue, Publication Date, Page range.
Example:
Collins, Christopher C. “Animal Parade.” Text and Performance Quarterly, vol. 39, no. 2, 2019, pp. 160–72.
Webpage of a website
The name of the website is italicized, but the title of the webpage is given in plain format.
Template:
Author or Organization Name. “Title of the webpage.” Website Name. Publication Date, URL.
Example:
Warner, Shayna. “Interview: Filmmaker Jim Bernfield Follows Two Actors with Parkinson’s as they Perform Endgame.” Theater Mania. 24 Feb. 2021, www.theatermania.com/new-york-city-theater/news/interview-filmmaker-jim-bernfield-follows-two-acto_.
YouTube video
In YouTube citations, the video title is placed inside quotation marks and written in title case. The word “YouTube” follows the title. Give the uploader’s name as found on the YouTube site. Give the uploaded date after the uploader’s name. Finally, add the URL.
Template:
“Title of the Video.” YouTube, uploaded by Uploader’s Name, Day Month Year, URL.
Example:
“Heterophobia 2001.” YouTube, uploaded by Ragan Fox, 7 Jan. 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9ocWcSH1(0.
The following examples show how a source with different numbers of authors will be presented in the works-cited-list entry. The examples provided are journal works with one author, two authors, and more than two authors.
One author
Write the author name in surname-first name format.
Template:
Surname, First name. “Title of the Article.” Journal Title, Volume #, Issue, Publication Date, Page range.
Example:
Aragon, Claire. J. “Bently Spang: On the Future of Indigenous Performance Art.” Text and Performance Quarterly, vol. 35, no. 4, 2015, pp. 345–58.
Two authors
The first author’s name follows the usual format: Surname, First Name. After the first author’s name, add a comma, the word “and”, then the First name Surname of the second author.
Template:
Author Surname, First name. Middle name initial., and First name Surname. “Title of the Article.” Journal Title, Volume #, Issue, Publication Date, Page range.
Example:
Fienup-Riordan, Ann, and Melia Knecht. “Irr’inarqellriit /Amazing Things: Quinhagak Elders Reflect on Their Past.” Alaskan Journal of Anthropology, vol. 13, no. 2, 2015, pp. 37–71.
More than 2 authors
Only the first author’s name is listed then followed by a comma and “et al.”
Template:
Author Surname, First name, et al. “Title of the Article.” Journal Title, Volume #, Issue, Publication Date, Page range.
Example:
Masson-MacLean, Edouard, et al. “Pre-contact Adaptations to the Little Ice Age in Southwest Alaska: New Evidence from the Nunalleq Site.” JQI Quaternary International, vol. 549, 2020, pp. 130–41.
Works cited are entries in the list that give full details of the sources to help the reader spot them for easy access.
It is placed at the end of the paper.
Each of the left, right, top, and bottom margins takes one inch.
The running head to be used is “Surname Page No.” Write it at the top right of the page. Leave 0.5 inches of space from the top.
The ideal font to be used is Times New Roman, as it is clear to read. The font size should be 12 points.
All entries are given double-space. Provide a hanging indent of 0.5 inches for the second and subsequent lines of the entries.
Align the title to the center. Formatting, such as bold, italics, or underline should not be given. The title should read “Works Cited.”
The entries in the works-cited list are arranged according to the guidelines given below:
If you need to arrange works of the same author, include the author’s name only in the first entry. Use three em dashes in other entries.
Butler, Marilyn. Jane Austen and the War of Ideas. Clarendon P, 1975.
———. “General Introduction.” Novels and Selected Works of Maria Edgeworth. Pickering & Chatto, 1999.
For two or more works by the same first author, sort the entries as per the second author’s surname.
Cixous, Hélène, and Catherine Clément. “Sorties.” The Newly Born Woman. U of Minnesota P, 1986.
Cixous, Hélène, and Jacques Derrida. “From the Word to Life.” White Ink: Interviews on Sex, Text, and Politics. Routledge, 2008.
Arrange by single author’s works first. Include entries with the same first author and other authors as per the alphabetical arrangement of the second author’s surname.
Deleuze, Gilles. Difference and Repetition. Columbia UP, 1994.
———. “How Do We Recognise Structuralism?” Desert Islands and Other Texts. MIT P, 2004.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Felix Guattari. Proust and Signs. U of Minnesota P, 2003.
———. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minnesota UP, 1987.
Deleuze, Gilles, et al. The Logic of Sense. Columbia UP, 1990.
Use the title for arrangement only if the author name is not given:
“Art. IV. Rural Sketches.” Eclectic Review, 1839, pp. 69–82.
Two or more works have the same single author
Clare, John. The Letters of John Clare. Clarendon P, 1985.
———. The Rural Muse. Whittaker & Co, 1835.
Two or more works have the same first author and coauthor
Davidoff, Leonore, and Catherine Hall. Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850. U of Chicago P, 1987.
———. Thicker Than Water: Siblings and Their Relations, 1780–1920. Oxford UP.
Two or more works have the same first author followed by et al.
Dinshaw, Carolyn. Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Post-modern. Durham: Duke UP, 1999.
———. “Theorizing Queer Temporalities: A Roundtable Discussion.” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, vol. 13, nos. 2–3, 2007, pp. 177–95.
Below are a few examples of different types of works-cited-list entries along with their templates. The examples given are for one author.
Template:
Surname, First name Middle initial. Title of the Book. Publisher, Publication Date. Page range.
Example:
Butler, Marilyn. Maria Edgeworth: A Literary Biography. Clarendon P, 1972.
Template:
Surname, First name. “Title of the Article.” Journal Title, Volume, Issue, Publication Date, Page range.
Example:
Brown, Bill. “Thing Theory.” Critical Enquiry, vol. 28, no. 1, 2001, pp. 1–22.
Template:
Author or Organization Name. “Title of the Webpage.” Website Name. Publication Date, URL.
Example:
Cardiff, Janet. “Paradise Institute.” Cardiff & Miller. 25 July 2019, www.cardiffmiller.com/artworks/inst/paradise_institute.html.
Template:
“Title of the Video.” YouTube, uploaded by Uploader’s Name, Day Month Year, URL.
Example:
“Queerantine History: The Story of Stormé DeLarverie .” YouTube, uploaded by Betches, 6 June 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTAEVaQLfR0
Journal article examples with different numbers of authors are given below.
Template:
Surname, First name. “Title of the Article.” Journal Title, Volume, Issue, Publication Date, Page range.
Example:
MacGill, Belinda. “Craft, Relational Aesthetics, and Ethics of Care.” Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, 2019, pp. 426–29.
Template:
Author Surname, First name Middle initial., and First name Surname. “Title of the Article.” Journal Title, Volume, Issue, Publication Date, Page range.
Example:
Mack, Ashley Noel, and Tiara R. Na’Puti. “‘Our Bodies Are Not Terra Nullius’: Building a Decolonial Feminist Resistance to Gendered Violence.” Women’s Studies in Communication, 2019, pp. 1–24.
Template:
Author Surname, First name, et al. “Title of the Article.” Journal Title, Volume, Issue, Publication Date, Page range.
Example:
Pedersen, Mikkel W., et al. “Postglacial Viability and Colonization in North America’s Ice-Free Corridor.” Nature, vol. 537, no. 7618, 2016, pp. 45–49.
Butler, Marilyn. Jane Austen and the War of Ideas. Clarendon P, 1975.
———. “General Introduction.” Novels and Selected Works of Maria Edgeworth. Pickering & Chatto, 1999.
Cixous, Hélène, and Catherine Clément. “Sorties.” The Newly Born Woman. U of Minnesota P, 1986.
Cixous, Hélène, and Jacques Derrida. “From the Word to Life.” White Ink: Interviews on Sex, Text, and Politics. Routledge, 2008.
Deleuze, Gilles. Difference and Repetition. Columbia UP, 1994.
———. “How Do We Recognise Structuralism?” Desert Islands and Other Texts. MIT P, 2004.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Felix Guattari. Proust and Signs. U of Minnesota P, 2003.
———. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minnesota UP, 1987.
Deleuze, Gilles, et al. The Logic of Sense. Columbia UP, 1990.
The title page in MLA style gives basic information such as the name, instructor’s name, course name, course number, title of the work, and submission date. MLA style does not recommend using a title page; instead, it suggests creating a header. The title page is also called a cover page in MLA.
There is a major difference between a title page and a header in MLA style. A title page appears as a page on its own before the main paper copy. A header, on the other hand, appears on the same page where the paper copy begins.
MLA style does not have any specific guidelines to formatting a title page. However, you can use the below suggestions to format your title page.
All margins (top, bottom, left, and right) should be set at 1 inch.
The font should be clear enough to read. Use Times New Roman with a font of size 12 points.
Text on the title page should be double-spaced.
Include the following elements on the title page. Follow the order as given below.
Add a few blank lines before the title of the work. The title should be in title case and centered.
Include the following elements on the title page. Follow the order as given below.
Sanjay Karthic
Professor Chitra Narayan
Psychology 122
20 September 2021
Behavioral Psychology of Children During Lockdown
MLA recommends using a header to a title page. It gives basic information such as the author’s name, the instructor’s name, the course name, the course number, the submission date, the title of the work, and the first paragraph of the text. Use the below guidelines to format your header.
All margins (top, bottom, left, and right) should be set at 1 inch.
Write the running head in the top right of the page at 0.5 inches from the top. Use the running head “Surname Page #.”
The font should be clear enough to read. Use Times New Roman with a font of size 12 points.
Text on the title page should be double-spaced.
Do not add any blank lines before the title of the work. The title should be in title case and centered. Begin your text on the next line as a new paragraph with a 0.5-inch indent.
Sarvesh Sekar
Professor Rajavel
Political Science 100
14 September 2021
The Role of Women in India
India is a democratic country that provides equal rights to women. Up until the early nineteenth century, only men were considered for certain jobs and for holding higher ranks in certain ventures. But now, the situation is different: Women excel in all areas, and the Government of India has announced 50% reservation for women in all fields. This encouraged women in the country to participate and compete with men in every field. A recent survey showed that in another 50 years, India will have more women in many supreme positions than men. In this work, we will study the growth of women in a few specific fields since the early nineteenth century.
Many educational institutions and instructors have agreed to standardize the formatting of research papers to make their work simple. The below guidelines will help you format your paper; however, follow your instructor’s directions for any deviations.
The following are the key elements of a paper written in MLA format:
Leave a one-inch margin on the left and right sides of all pages.
First-level headings are given in bold. Follow plain text format for second-level headings. Third-level headings are italicized. Sample heading levels are given below:
First Level Heading
Second Level Heading
Third Level Heading
Headings help you to design, arrange, and classify your content. However, do not use too many headings for your paper, as the headings may, sometimes, distract the readers. In particular, do not use headings for works that are very short or of essay type. If you use headings, ensure that you have a clear idea and content to present under the headings. Double-check that you have relevant concepts and sufficient content before creating a heading. Below are rules to format different levels of headings according to MLA style.
Headings in your project should be styled consistently. They should be styled according to the descending order of prominence. Prominence is decided by the formatting and size you assign to different levels of headings. In general, three levels of headings are allowed in MLA style.
Each top-level heading in a work is treated as a first-level heading. Any subordinate under a first-level heading should be styled as a second-level heading.
Capitalization: Title case
Formatting: Bold
Alignment: Left
Example:
Creativity Is Domain Specific
Any heading you provide as a sublevel to a first-level heading is a second-level heading. You can add one or more sublevels to a first-level heading. Avoid using a third-level heading directly under a first-level heading.
Capitalization: Title case
Formatting: No formatting
Alignment: Left
Example:
Beyond the Individual
A third-level heading appears after a second-level heading. You can add one or more sublevels to a second-level heading.
Capitalization: Title case
Formatting: Italics
Alignment: Left
Example:
Community Study
Headings of the same level should be styled similarly.
Avoid headings in all capitals.
Keep your headings short.
There should not be only one instance of any level. For example, there should not be just one first-level heading. There should be a minimum of two first-level headings.
Leave a line space both above and below a heading.
Do not use any label (i.e., numbers or letters) to number your headings.
Do not center the heading to the left-right margin.
Overview
Understanding forage quality
Influence of Forage Quality on Livestock Productivity
Diversity in Forage Resources of the Himalayan Region
Insight of livestock production and productivity
Livestock Development
Cattle
Poultry
Production Strategies
Growing More Crops
Increasing Animal Feed
Indian perspective
Himalayan perspective
Conclusion
There is no specific style in MLA style to format a header; however, you can follow the below guidelines.
Top, bottom, left, and right margins are set at 1 inch.
Use a font that is clear to read. MLA recommends using Times New Roman font. You can use font size 12 for clarity.
Double-space the components present in the header.
The following components are included in the header. The components should follow the order mentioned below:
Your name
Names of your co-authors (add each author’s name on a separate line)
Name of your Instructor
Your course name and its number
Date of submission
Title of your work
Add blank lines before you write your title. Center the title and write it in title case.
Kevin Kellog
Professor King Butcher
Psychology 124
24 September 2021
Developing Creativity in Children
An annotated bibliography is a list containing complete information of sources, such as journals, books, and reports, cited in the text, along with a note or annotation for each source. It provides a brief description of each source in about 100–150 words.
An annotated bibliography can explain the topics covered in the source or evaluate the source. The main objective of giving the annotation is to provide the reader the importance, accuracy, and value of the source. When you add an annotation, do not try to cite evidence, talk about unnecessary points, or quote the author.
Annotations are of two types:
Summary annotation
Evaluative annotation
A summary annotation provides critical information about the source or a description of it. Summary annotations explain the purpose and the topics covered in the source.
An evaluative annotation, as the name implies, evaluates a source. It examines a source and reveals its quality by evaluating its accuracy. It also recommends the relevance of the source. Additionally, it compares the source with other sources covering the same area. It may even include the advantages and disadvantages of a study.
The annotation is given after the source entry.
Create annotation for each source in about 100–150 words.
The annotation, in general, should be written as phrases. However, they can be complete sentences too.
In general, the annotation of each source runs only for one paragraph. However, if multiple paragraphs are included, indent the second and subsequent paragraphs without any extra line space between them.
An annotated bibliography consists of two parts:
The citation
The annotation
The citation includes all possible elements of a source so as to enable the reader to locate the source easily. For example, the name of the author, title of the book, publisher, and publication date are essential basic elements to cite a book.
Morritt, Robert D. Beringia: Archaic Migrations into North America. Cambridge Scholars Pub, 2011.
The annotation provides all basic information about the source. The information can be descriptive or evaluative.
Descriptive annotation
Gives a summary of all relevant details about the source.
The author studies the migration of cultures from Asia to North America. The connection between the North American Athabaskan language family and Siberia is presented together with comparisons and examinations of the implications of linguistics from anthropological, archaeological, and folklore perspectives. This book explores the origins of the earliest people in the Americas, including Siberian, Dene, and Navajo Creation myths, linguistic comparisons between Siberian Ket Navajo and Western Apache, and comparisons between indigenous groups that appear to share the same origin.
Evaluative annotation
Reflects the author’s view, shows the relevance of the paper, and provides an evaluation of the paper.
In this book, Barbara Ehrenreich shows how harmful the positive thinking movement is, how it means self-blame, victim-blaming, and national denial, inviting disaster. She shows that it wrecks efforts for education, skills, and reforms.
The book analyzes how the school of mindless optimism was born, fed the subprime scandal, and has come to infect mainstream corporate management thinking. Anyone who has sat through a toe-curling session by a motivational speaker at a company off-site will chuckle in recognition.
Arrange your annotated bibliography entries in alphabetical order similar to how you would order entries in the works-cited list.
The order of the bibliography can be arranged according to the author, title, publication date, or subject.
Set the left, right, top, and bottom margins as 1 inch.
Write the running head in the top right of the page at 0.5 inches from the top. Use the running head “Surname Page #.”
Title the page “Annotated Bibliography” or “Annotated List of Works Cited.” Use the former title if you also include sources in the list that are not included in your in-text citations.
The title should be aligned to the center of the page.
Write the title in bold.
Use Times New Roman font of size 12 points.
If any entry runs over more than a line, indent the subsequent lines 0.5 inches from the left margin.
The annotation is indented 1 inch from the start of the entry, that is, 0.5 inches from the hanging indent of the entries that run more than a line.
Give double-line spacing.
The below are examples of an annotated bibliography:
Annotated Bibliography
Morritt, Robert D. Beringia: Archaic Migrations into North America. Cambridge Scholars Pub, 2011.
The author studies the migration of cultures from Asia to North America. The connection between the North American Athabaskan language family and Siberia is presented together with comparisons and examinations of the implications of linguistics from anthropological, archaeological, and folklore perspectives. This book explores the origins of the earliest people in the Americas, including Siberian, Dene, and Navajo Creation myths; linguistic comparisons between Siberian Ket Navajo and Western Apache; and comparisons between indigenous groups that appear to share the same origin.
Ehrenreich, Barbara. Bright-Sided: How the Relentless Promotion of Positive Thinking has Undermined America. Metropolitan Books, 2009.
In this book, Barbara Ehrenreich shows how harmful the positive thinking movement is, how it means self-blame, victim-blaming, and national denial, inviting disaster. She shows that it wrecks efforts for education, skills, and reforms.
The book analyzes how the school of mindless optimism was born, fed the subprime scandal, and has come to infect mainstream corporate management thinking. Anyone who has sat through a toe-curling session by a motivational speaker at a company off-site will chuckle in recognition.
An annotated bibliography can explain the topics covered in the source or evaluate it.
Summary annotation and evaluative annotation are two different types of annotations.
The order of the bibliography can be arranged according to the author, title, publication date, or subject.
Title the page “Annotated Bibliography” or “Annotated List of Works Cited.”
Annotations for each source should not exceed 100–150 words.
In MLA style, in-text citations are a short form of citations used in the text about sources listed in the works-cited list. They are used to inform the reader that full details of the source are included in the works-cited list, which in turn helps the reader to track the source for further reference if required.
To add an in-text citation in MLA, the author’s name is an important component. MLA style does not recommend using the publication date for in-text citations. However, page numbers are allowed when text from a source is added. Citations in prose and parenthetical citations are two types of citations to be used for in-text citations. These citation types are explained below.
“Citations in prose” is the term used in the MLA manual for citations that are read as a part of the sentence. Citations in prose use the first name and surname of the authors when a source is mentioned in the text for the first time. In the second and subsequent instances, they include only the surname. However, do not use the middle initials in citations, even if they are given in the works-cited-list entry. The first mention of a source in prose for one author is given below:
Kathleen Glenister-Roberts discusses the speech, gender, and the performance of culture in native America.
Parenthetical citations, as the name implies, include citation information in parenthesis at the end of the sentence. The citation will not be read as a part of the sentence. An example is given below:
The speech, gender, and the performance of culture in native America are discussed (Glenister-Roberts).
Page numbers or line numbers are also allowed for in-text citations when you want to repeat a specific text from the source you referred to. When you add page numbers, never use “p.” or “pp.”
According to Ann Fienup-Riordan, “Fieldwork Turned on Its Head” (15).
However, if you add other parts, such as line numbers and scene numbers, you can mention them in the text. Below examples show how such parts are included in both citations in prose and parenthetical citations:
Citation in prose:
chapter 12
scene 7
line 46
Parenthetical citation:
(ch. 12)
(sc. 7)
(line 46)
The in-text citations for different numbers of authors are illustrated below:
One author
Citations in prose use the first name and surname of the authors when a source is mentioned in the text for the first time. In the second and subsequent instances, they include only the surname. Include only the surname of the author in parenthetical citations in all instances.
Citation in prose:
First mention: May Henderson claims ….
Subsequent occurrences: Henderson asserts ….
Parenthetical:
….(Henderson)
Two authors
Citations in prose use the first name and surname of both authors when a source is mentioned in the text for the first time. In the second and subsequent instances, they include only the surname of the two authors. In parenthetical citations, include the surnames of the authors in all occurrences. In both citation styles, use “and” between the two author names.
Citation in prose:
First mention: Paul John and Ann Fienup-Riordan ….
Subsequent occurrences: John and Fienup-Riordan ….
Parenthetical:
….(John and Fienup-Riordan)
Three or more authors
You need to cite only the first author’s name if the number of authors is more than two. Use “and others” or “colleagues” in prose and “et al.” in parenthetical citations. For citations in prose, cite the full name in the first instance and surname thereafter.
Citation in prose:
Mikkel Pedersen and colleagues…. or Mikkel Pedersen and others ….
Parenthetical:
….(Pedersen et al.)
Corporate author
Write the corporate author in citations. For parenthetical citations, you can shorten the name of the organization.
Citation in prose:
The Council of Europe and Language Association….
Parenthetical:
….(Council)
No author
The source title is used in citations when there are no authors. When you add the title as an in-text citation, italicize the text.
Citation in prose:
Endgame: Beginning to End shows …. (182)
Parenthetical:
….(Endgame 182)
Although citations in prose take the full name of the authors only in the first instance, there are some exceptions. If the works-cited list has multiple entries with the same surname for the first author, use the first name in all occurrences to provide clarity. To avoid confusion, parenthetical citations take the first initials of the author in all occurrences.
Templates:
Citation in prose: First author’s full name
Citation in prose: Second author’s full name
Parenthetical: (F. Author Surname)
Parenthetical: (M. Author Surname)
Examples:
Citation in prose: John Jones
Citation in prose: Christopher Jones
Parenthetical: (J. Jones)
Parenthetical: (C. Jones)
Use the first name in full, in-parenthetical citations only if the first initials are also the same.
Parenthetical: (Xing Ze)
Parenthetical: (Xian Ze)
If you find entries with the same author(s), add the title for in-text citations. You can shorten the title for in-text citations.
Examples:
Citation in prose: Quayson talks in Aesthetic Nervousness that ….
Parenthetical: Aesthetic Nervousness is talked about in earlier work (Quayson, Aesthetic Nervousness)
If the works-cited-list entry has a source listed by the title, use the title in citations. You can shorten the title for in-text citations.
Examples:
Citation in prose: Endgame and Its Scorekeepers reveals ….
Parenthetical: (Endgame)
Never include punctuation marks between the author’s name and any page number.
(Smith 111)
If you introduce additional page numbers, use a comma between them.
(Joe 122, 124–28, 139)
For any reference to a specific element in a source other than the page numbers (e.g., chapter, paragraph, or line numbers), include the label of the element. Use a comma to separate the element from the author’s name.
(McCormick, par. 2)
If you wish to include a specific element of a page, separate the element from the page by a semicolon. Multiple elements appearing together take commas as separators.
(Ato 117; par. 4, lines 16–19)
Multiple citations take semicolons as separators.
(Carrie 23; Hannah 47)
If you would like to include the title of your work in citations, add it after the author name with a comma as a separator. No punctuation is required between the title and the page number. The title is italicized.
(Soyini, Co-performative Witnessing 118)
If you would like to cite the titles of two works by the same author, use “and” between the titles. If you want to include more works, separate the titles by commas, and add “and” before the last title.
(Sedgwick, “Touching” and “Artists”)
(Park‐Fuller, “Empathy,” “Narration and Narratization,” and “Performing Absence”)
A direct quotation is used when you want to quote already published content without paraphrasing it. Although paraphrasing is important, it is sometimes allowed to quote the content as such to create emphasis.
A block quotation is used in prose when the content taken verbatim from the published work is more than four lines. It is also called a long quotation.
In Goals, Tracy explains how to practice:
The more you practice what you are learning, the faster you will become competent and skilled in that area. The more you practice, the more confidence you will develop. The more you practice, the more rapidly you will overcome your feelings of inadequacy in that skill and the faster you will master it. The more you practice, the more rapidly you will add that skill to your mental toolbox where you will possess it for the rest of your career. (211)
In Think & Grow Rich, Hill exclaimed and added
What do we say about the Chinese?
We refuse to believe that which we do not understand. We foolishly believe that our own limitations are the proper measure of limitations. Sure, the other fellow’s eyes “off slant.” BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT THE SAME AS OUR OWN. (28)
Note that subsequent paragraphs in a block quotation should be indented.
For the first few years, he justified his long hours by saying that he was “doing it for the good of the firm,” and that he planned to take a month off and go to the Caymans “next winter for sure.” As time passed, however, Julian’s reputation for brilliance spread and his workload continued to increase. The cases just kept on getting bigger and better, and Julian, never one to back down from a good challenge, continued to push himself harder and harder. (14)
As expected, Julian became enormously successful. He achieved everything could most people ever want.
A block quotation is used in poetry when the verse runs more than three lines.
The in-text citation is given in parenthesis after the block quotation.
While I am lying on the grass
Thy twofold shout I hear,
From hill to hill it seems to pass,
At once far off, and near. (Wordsworth, 997)
If the in-text citation does not fit on the last line, set the verse as below:
While I am lying on the grass
Thy twofold shout I hear,
From hill to hill it seems to pass,
At once far off, and near.
(Wordsworth, The Cuckoo 997)
If a line of the verse is too long to fit within a line, indent the continuation to show that it is a continuation of the previous line.
I marvel how Nature could ever find space
For so many strange contrasts in one human face:
There’s thought and no thought, and there’s
paleness and bloom
And bustle and sluggishness, pleasure and gloom.
(Wordsworth, A Character 2)
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